© Benaki Phytopathological Institute
Neonicotinoids Biomonitoring: A review
37
ence in the urine of six individuals that de-
veloped subacute nicotinic symptoms. Spot
urine samples (spontaneous voided by the
individuals) on the first visit and after were
collected and subjected to ion chromatogra-
phy (IC) analysis. IC was selected as a screen-
Figure 2.
In vivo
metabolites of Neonicotinoids.
Table 1.
NNDs’ and metabolites’ LODs from selected works in human urine.
Analytes
LOD
Matrix
Detection
Reference
6-CNA
16 pg/mL
Urine
GC-MS/MS
(Uroz
et al
., 2001)
6-CNA
400 ng/mL
Urine
IC
(Taira
et al
., 2011)
2 ng/mL
Urine
LC-MS (SIM)
ACET
0.068 ng/mL (LOQ)
Urine
LC-MS/MS
(Taira
et al
., 2013)
N-desACET
0.55 ng/mL (LOQ)
6-CNA
0.1 ng/mL
Urine
GC-MS
(Nomura
et al
., 2013)
2-CTCA
3-FA
ACET
0.2 ng/mL
Urine
LC-MS/MS (Yamamuro
et al
., 2014)
N-desACET
0.2 ng/mL
IMI
0.2 ng/mL
CLOTH
0.5 ng/mL
DINOT
0.2 ng/mL
FLON
1 ng/mL
NITEN
1 ng/mL
THIAC
0.1 ng/mL
THIAM
0.2 ng/mL
